Description: Cephalosporins are β-lactam antimicrobials used to manage various infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cephalosporins are categorized into 5 generations based on their spectrum of coverage against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their temporal discovery. First-generation cephalosporins include cefazolin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephradine, cefadroxil, and cephalexin. Second-generation cephalosporins divide into 2 subgroups - the second-generation and the cephamycin subgroup. Third-generation cephalosporins include cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefdinir, ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, cefoperazone, and cefixime. Fourth-generation cephalosporin includes cefepime. Cefepime is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial that can penetrate the cerebral spinal fluid. Fifth-generation cephalosporins include ceftaroline and ceftobiprole.
Mechanism of action: Bacteria synthesize a cell wall strengthened by cross-linking peptidoglycan units via penicillin-binding proteins (PBP, peptidoglycan transpeptidase). Initially derived from the fungus Cephalosporium sp., cephalosporins are a large group of bactericidal antimicrobials that work via their β-lactam rings. The β-lactam rings bind to the penicillin-binding protein and inhibit its normal activity. Unable to synthesize a cell wall, the bacteria die. The inability to synthesize a cell wall eventually leads to bacterial cell death.
Indications: Ceftiofur, a third generation, semi syntheticcephalosporin has excellent bactericidal efficacy against a varietyof gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic pathogens,including many species of Pasteurella spp., Streptococcus spp.,Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli.
Excenel/Naxel
1 g vial – Reconstitute with 20 mL Sterile water for injection. Each mL of the resulting solution contains ceftiofur sodium equivalent to 50 mg ceftiofur.
4 g vial – Reconstitute with 80 mL Sterile water for injection. Each mL of the resulting solution contains ceftiofur sodium equivalent to 50 mg ceftiofur.
Day old Chicks
Administer by subcutaneous injection in the neck region of day-old chicks at the dosage of 0.08 to 0.20 mg ceftiofur/chick. One mL of the 50 mg/mL reconstituted solution will treat approximately 250 to 625 day/old chicks.
Day old Turkey Poults
Administer by subcutaneous injection in the neck region of day-old turkey poults at the dosage of 0.17 to 0.5 mg ceftiofur/poult. One mL of the 50 mg/mL reconstituted solution will treat approximately 100 to 294 day/old chicks.
Ex. 4 g vial + 400 mL = for 2000 chicks. Inject 0.2 mL/chick.
Drug interactions: Synergistic nephrotoxicity of cephalosporin and aminoglycoside
Residues:
Pharmacokinetics:
