Infectious Diseases 2025

In response to recurring outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), particularly H5N1, the UK established a Joint Industry and Government Taskforce to evaluate vaccination as a control tool. While current UK policy prohibits poultry vaccination, except for zoo birds in England and Northern Ireland, global interest in this approach is increasing.
The taskforce, led by Defra and involving stakeholders from government, industry, and regulatory bodies, assessed the legal, regulatory, scientific, and economic aspects of vaccination. Although several vaccines are authorised in the UK, none fully address national needs across all poultry species and production systems. European field trials demonstrated partial efficacy in reducing disease signs and virus shedding, especially when vaccines are combined. However, vaccines do not prevent infection entirely and may trigger trade restrictions unless aligned with WOAH and EU DIVA standards.
The report concludes that a universal vaccination programme is currently not cost-effective, but targeted vaccination (e.g., in turkeys or ducks) may be justified during major outbreaks. Three strategic options are outlined:
1. Maintain the current no-vaccination policy (except for zoo birds),
2. Implement emergency vaccination based on risk assessments and trigger points,
3. Permit preventive vaccination on a limited or regional basis.
Key recommendations include conducting a turkey field trial, enhancing laboratory and surveillance capacities, engaging trade partners to protect export markets, and monitoring vaccine development to inform policy. While the taskforce supports vaccination in principle, it stresses the need for more data. A final policy decision is expected by summer 2026.